5 Steps to Check Your Water Heater Element (and Troubleshoot Problems!)

Is your hot water running cold? Before you panic and call a costly plumber, consider a simple DIY diagnostic: checking your water heater element. This often-overlooked component is the heart of your hot water supply, and surprisingly, testing it is a straightforward process even a novice homeowner can tackle. A malfunctioning element is frequently the culprit behind lukewarm showers and endless waits for hot water. Furthermore, catching a failing element early can prevent more significant problems down the road, such as a complete heater burnout. Therefore, understanding how to perform this basic check can save you both time and money. In the following steps, we’ll guide you through the process of safely and effectively checking your water heater element, empowering you to take control of your home’s hot water supply.

First and foremost, safety is paramount when working with any electrical appliance. Consequently, begin by turning off the power to the water heater. This is typically done at your home’s breaker box. Locate the correct breaker, and switch it to the “off” position. Secondly, confirm the power is truly off by testing a nearby outlet or light fixture on the same circuit. Once you’ve verified the power is off, carefully remove the access panel(s) on your water heater. Inside, you’ll find the heating elements; most electric water heaters have two. Next, use a multimeter, set to ohms, to test each element. To do this, disconnect one of the wires leading to the element and touch one probe of the multimeter to the terminal screw and the other to the element’s grounding screw. A functioning element should register a reading between 10 and 20 ohms. Alternatively, if the multimeter displays a reading of zero or infinity, the element is likely faulty and needs replacing. Remember to repeat this process for the second element as well. In addition, visually inspect the elements for any signs of corrosion or damage. Ultimately, a simple multimeter check can pinpoint the source of your hot water woes.

Finally, after testing the elements, if you’ve identified a faulty component, the next step is to replace it. However, while replacing a water heater element is generally considered a DIY-friendly task, if you are uncomfortable working with electrical components, it’s always advisable to contact a qualified electrician. For those comfortable proceeding, be sure to purchase a replacement element that matches the voltage and wattage of your existing element. Subsequently, carefully disconnect the wires from the faulty element and remove it from the tank. Install the new element following the manufacturer’s instructions, ensuring all connections are secure. Furthermore, before restoring power, make sure to refill the water heater tank. Once the tank is full, replace the access panel(s), turn the power back on at the breaker box, and test your hot water. Moreover, conducting regular checks of your water heater element, perhaps annually, can proactively identify potential problems and extend the lifespan of your appliance. In conclusion, a little preventative maintenance can go a long way in ensuring a consistent and reliable hot water supply.

Visually Inspecting the Element for Damage

Before diving into any electrical testing, it’s a good idea to give your water heater element a thorough visual once-over. This can often reveal obvious problems that might save you from unnecessary troubleshooting later on. Remember, safety first! Always turn off the power to the water heater at the circuit breaker before performing any inspection or maintenance.

Look for Signs of Corrosion or Mineral Build-up

Over time, water heater elements can accumulate mineral deposits and rust. Hard water, in particular, can lead to a thick layer of scale forming on the element. This build-up acts as insulation, preventing the element from efficiently heating the water. Look closely at the element surface. A light coating of scale is normal, but excessive build-up, resembling a thick crust, indicates a problem. Corrosion, appearing as rust or discoloration, can also compromise the element’s functionality and should be checked for.

Inspect the Element for Physical Damage

While the element is exposed, check for any signs of physical damage. Look for cracks, blisters, or holes in the metal sheath surrounding the heating element. A damaged sheath can expose the electrical components inside, creating a safety hazard and potentially shorting out the element. Also, inspect the area around the element for any signs of leaking or dripping water. A leak could indicate a problem with the tank itself, or it could be caused by a failed gasket around the element, allowing water to seep in.

Check the Wiring and Connections

Inspecting Wiring for Damage

Carefully examine the wiring connected to the element terminals. Look for any signs of fraying, melting, or discoloration. Damaged wiring can be a fire hazard and needs to be addressed immediately by a qualified electrician. Don’t attempt to repair damaged wiring yourself unless you have the necessary expertise.

Checking for Secure Connections

Ensure the wires are securely attached to the element terminals. Loose connections can cause overheating and reduce the efficiency of the element. Gently tug on the wires to verify they’re firmly in place. If you discover a loose connection, tighten the terminal screws carefully using an appropriate screwdriver. Over-tightening can damage the terminals, so use caution.

Examining the Thermostat’s Condition

The thermostat, often located near the element, regulates the water temperature. While you’re inspecting the element, it’s a good opportunity to check the thermostat’s wiring and connections as well. Look for the same signs of damage and looseness as you did with the element wiring. If the thermostat itself appears damaged or malfunctioning, it may need to be replaced.

Understanding Common Visual Indicators of Element Problems

By carefully inspecting the element and its related components, you can often identify potential issues before they escalate into major problems. Remember, when in doubt, consult a qualified electrician or plumbing professional for assistance.

Testing the Element with a Multimeter (Resistance Test)

A multimeter is a handy tool for diagnosing electrical issues, and it’s perfect for checking your water heater element. This test helps determine if the element is functioning correctly or if it needs replacing. It essentially measures the resistance of the element, which should fall within a specific range. Too high or too low, and you’ve likely found your culprit.

Safety Precautions

Before you begin, turn off the power to the water heater! This is absolutely crucial for your safety. Double-check that the breaker is off or the fuses are removed. You don’t want to risk an electric shock. Also, let the water heater cool down a bit, especially if you’ve recently used hot water. You’ll be working near potentially hot surfaces.

Accessing the Element

You’ll need access to the terminals of the heating element, which are usually located behind access panels on the side of the water heater tank. Remove the panel(s) carefully, noting the wiring connections so you can put them back correctly later. You might need a screwdriver to remove the panel screws.

Disconnecting the Wires

Once you have access to the element terminals, carefully disconnect the wires attached to them. You may need a screwdriver or a small wrench to loosen the terminal screws. Keep track of which wire goes where for reconnection later. A helpful trick is to take a quick photo with your phone before disconnecting anything.

Setting up the Multimeter

Set your multimeter to measure resistance (usually indicated by the Omega symbol, Ω). Most multimeters have different resistance ranges. Start with a range like R x 100 or R x 1k. If you get a reading of “OL” (overload), it means the resistance is higher than the selected range, and you’ll need to increase the range on your multimeter.

Taking the Resistance Reading

Now for the actual test. Touch one multimeter probe to one of the element terminals, and the other probe to the other terminal. It doesn’t matter which probe goes where. The multimeter should display a resistance reading. A functioning element will typically have a resistance reading between 10 and 30 ohms. This value can vary slightly depending on the wattage and voltage of your water heater, so it’s a good idea to check the manufacturer’s specifications for your specific model. If you get a reading close to zero, there’s a short circuit in the element. A reading of infinity (or “OL”) indicates an open circuit, meaning the element is broken.

Here’s a handy table to help you interpret the results:

Remember that these are typical values, and your specific water heater might have a slightly different range. If you are unsure about the reading or the manufacturer’s specifications aren’t readily available, contacting a qualified electrician is always the best approach.

Interpreting the Results

If the resistance reading falls within the expected range, your element is likely good. If the reading is zero, infinity, or significantly outside the expected range, you’ll likely need to replace the element. If your element tests fine but you’re still having hot water issues, there may be other problems with your water heater, and it’s a good idea to contact a qualified plumber or electrician to diagnose and fix the issue.

Removing a Faulty Water Heater Element (Optional)

Sometimes, a water heater element just needs a good cleaning to get back to working order. But, if you’ve tested your element and it’s truly kaput, replacing it is a fairly straightforward task, though it involves working with electricity, so safety is paramount. Always double-check that the power is off before starting any work.

Safety First!

Before you even think about touching your water heater, turn off the power. For electric water heaters, find the correct breaker in your electrical panel and flip it off. For gas water heaters, turn the gas control knob to the “off” position. It’s a good idea to test the wires with a non-contact voltage tester to absolutely ensure there’s no power flowing to the element.

Draining the Tank (Partially)

You don’t need to completely drain your water heater to replace an element, but lowering the water level below the element you’re working on is essential. Connect a garden hose to the drain valve at the bottom of the tank and run the other end to a safe drainage location. Open the drain valve slowly and let the water out until the level is well below the element’s access panel. Be mindful that the water will be hot!

Accessing the Element

Once the water level is low enough, carefully remove the insulation and plastic safety cover over the element’s access panel. You’ll typically find these held in place with screws. Keep the screws safe so you can reattach the cover later.

Disconnecting the Wires

With the access panel removed, you’ll see the element’s terminals and the wires connected to them. Carefully take a photo of the wiring configuration before disconnecting anything – this will be invaluable when you’re reconnecting the new element. Loosen the screws holding the wires to the terminals and gently disconnect the wires.

Removing the Element

The element is held in place by a large nut. Use a socket wrench to loosen and remove this nut. Once the nut is off, you can gently rock and pull the element out of the tank. It might take a little bit of persuasion, as mineral deposits can sometimes cause it to stick. Be careful not to damage the threads on the tank opening.

Installing the New Element

Compare your new element to the old one to make sure they are identical. Carefully insert the new element into the tank opening and hand-tighten the retaining nut. Then use your socket wrench to tighten it further, but avoid over-tightening. Refer to your photo from earlier to correctly reconnect the wires to the terminals. Make sure the wires are securely fastened.

Testing and Buttoning Up

Before refilling the tank, double-check that all connections are secure. Turn the power back on to the water heater (or the gas back on if it’s a gas heater). Allow the tank to fill and heat the water. After a couple of hours, check for leaks around the element and ensure the water is heating correctly. Once you’re satisfied, replace the insulation and cover plate.

Element Resistance Chart (Ohmmeter Readings)

Important Considerations

If you’re uncomfortable working with electricity or plumbing, it’s always best to call a qualified professional. While replacing a water heater element is a manageable DIY project, mistakes can lead to further damage or even injury. Remember to consult your water heater’s manual for specific instructions and safety precautions.